Salam For Yemen

UN-led independent, international, and criminally focused investigation is required

6 September 2022

As civil society organizations from Yemen and around the world we urge United Nations (UN) member states to work toward the establishment of an independent international criminally focused investigative mechanism on Yemen in the coming period, including at the upcoming 51^st Session of the UN Human Rights Council (HRC).           

While a Yemen truce hangs in the balance, little to no  progress has been made by parties to the conflict to  address ongoing and widespread violations and abuses of international human rights and humanitarian law  or remedy the harms they have  inflicted on civilians throughout the conflict. The humanitarian situation in Yemen remains desperate, and, in recent weeks, armed clashes have once again increased.  Civilians continue to fall victim to shelling, drone strikes and other attacks.  These factors attest to the urgent and critical need to reinvigorate international accountability efforts on Yemen through the establishment of an independent international investigation. 

As highlighted by the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, “We know that lasting peace is interlinked with justice, development and respect for human rights.”   Unfortunately, justice, truth and reparation for human rights abuses were overlooked by the international community after mass pro-democracy protests in Yemen toppled the government of the former President Ali Abdullah Saleh in 2011. Between 2011-2014, the Gulf Cooperation Council’s (GCC) political  initiative for Yemen, as endorsed by the UN Security Council, prioritized implementing a quick transition of power at the expense of ensuring accountability, establishing the rule of law and  addressing the government’s long record of human rights violations.  The immunity afforded to former President Saleh and others only entrenched a culture of impunity that likely played a key role in the renewal of armed conflict and the commission of widespread human rights abuses and war crimes within the country.  Almost ten years later the international community is in danger of repeating the same mistake. 

For years Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the Internationally Recognized Government of Yemen, the Ansar Allah (Houthi) armed group, and other warring parties have caused, and continue to cause, massive civilian harm and suffering in Yemen, carry out frequent and serious violations of international human rights and humanitarian law,^[1] and have failed to conduct credible investigations, provide reparations, or ensure justice for victims.  In the last month, attacks against civilians and other related violence have resulted in 232 civilian casualties including 57 children. The last week of July witnessed the highest increase of child casualties in one week since early 2020. 

Before its untimely dissolution in 2021, the UN Group of Eminent Experts (GEE), established by  the UN Human Rights Council (HRC) in 2017,  recommended that UN member states refer the situation in Yemen to the International Criminal Court (ICC), support the establishment of a criminal-accountability-focused investigative mechanism, and stressed the need to realize victims’ right to reparation.  In late 2021, HRC members narrowly rejected the resolution that would have renewed the GEE’s mandate after Saudi Arabia, backed by the UAE, lobbied HRC members to vote against its renewal.  

The international community should not stand by and allow that vote to be the last word on accountability efforts for large scale human rights abuses and war crimes in Yemen.  After its mandate ended in October 2021, members of the GEE called on the international community to take specific initiatives at the international level in pursuit of accountability.  Dozens of UN Member States have recognized an “urgent need for independent and impartial monitoring and investigations” and urged the international community to “actively explore further alternative mechanisms…to ensure accountability” for crimes committed in Yemen.  As the GEE stated, “Victims of this tragic armed conflict should not be silenced by the decision of a few States. Quite the opposite, they should be supported by all means to see the realisation of their rights to truth, justice and reparation.” 

The international community must not repeat the mistakes of the past and side-line international accountability efforts now. Continued impunity will only increase the likelihood that more children will starve, more rights defenders and journalists will be imprisoned or executed, more homes and schools will be bombed, and the cycle of violence and suffering will continue. 

In this context, an international independent criminal accountability mechanism for Yemen can play a critical role to deter violence, protect civilians and promote a genuine and lasting peace.  In December 2021, nearly 90 civil society organizations called on member states of the UN to move quickly and establish such a mechanismin order to  investigate and publicly report on the most serious violations and abuses of international law committed in Yemen. Such a body should collect and preserve evidence, prepare files for possible future criminal prosecutions, and identify victims and document harms for possible future reparation claims.  Such a mandate is required to ensure not only that the serious crimes under international law committed in Yemen are exposed to the world, but also that potential avenues of criminal accountability and reparative justice are effectively explored and may be pursued now and, in the future, to address impunity and provide effective redress to victims. Any mechanism that fails to meet these standards would do great disservice to the millions of Yemenis who have suffered grave abuses or apparent war crimes and who still expect justice.

We call on your government to work to ensure the establishment of such a mechanism at the UN in the coming period, including at the upcoming UN Human Rights Council, and stand ready to assist with these efforts in any way we can.  

 Signatories:

1. Abductees’ Mothers Association
2. Abs Development Organization for Women & Child
3. Acción Solidaria on HIV/Aids
4. Action on Armed Violence
5. Alkarama for Human Rights
6. ALQST for Human Rights
7. Amnesty International
8. Bridges for Yemen
9. Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies (CIHRS)
10. Campaign Against Arms Trade
11. INSAF Center for Defending Freedoms & Minorities
12. CIVICUS: World Alliance for Citizen Participation
13. CIVILIS Human Rights
14. Columbia Law School Human Rights Institute
15. Defence for Children International
16. DefendDefenders (East and Horn of Africa Human Rights Defenders Project) 
17. Defence Foundation for Rights and Freedoms
18. Democracy School
19. Foundation (my Right) to empower women politically and socially
20. Friends Committee on National Legislation (FCNL)
21. Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect (GCR2P)
22. Gulf Centre for Human Rights (GCHR)
23. Hearts On Venezuela
24. Human Life Foundation for Development and Relief

25. Human Rights Information and Training Center (HRITC)
26. Human Rights Watch (HRW)
27. International Commission of Jurists (ICJ)
28. International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH)
29. International Service for Human Rights (ISHR)
30. Min Haqqi Foundation to Empower Women Politically and Economically
31. Musaala Organization for Human Rights
32. Mwatana for Human Rights
33. PAX
34. Project on Middle East Democracy (POMED)
35. Salam For Yemen
36. SAM for Rights and Liberties
37. She4Society Initiative
38.  Studies and Economic Media Center (SEMC)
39. The Yemeni Archive
40. Vision GRAM-International
41. Vredesactie
42. Wa3ifoundation
43. Watch for Human Rights
44.  Women Defenders for Rights and Freedoms Foundation 
45. Yemen Future Foundation for Culture and Media Development
46. Yemen Peace School Organization
47. Yemen Relief and Reconstruction Foundation
48. Yemen Women Union
49.  Yemeni Media Freedom Observatory (YMFO)

[1] All parties to the conflict in Yemen have perpetrated widespread and systematic abuses, including the killing and injuring of tens of thousands of civilians. Since 2015, the Saudi and UAE-led coalition has conducted scores of unlawful airstrikes that have killed and injured civilians and destroyed or damaged homes, hospitals, schools, markets, and other civilian infrastructure. Houthi forces have fired mortars, rockets, and other missiles indiscriminately into heavily populated areas, including cities, and laid landmines indiscriminately.   Warring parties have prevented life-saving humanitarian aid from reaching those who need it and have used starvation as a weapon of war, and have utterly failed to respect the rights to food, health, water, and education. Journalists, activists, and human rights defenders have been targeted, harassed, imprisoned, and killed. Children have been recruited and used in fighting. Women, girls, men and boys remain at serious risk of forms of gender-based violence, including sexual violence. The rights of women and girls have been gravely undermined.  Third-party states and corporations have continued to fuel the wider conflict through weapons sales.

Yemen letter-Arabic version

أصحاب السعادة،

نكتب إليكم اليوم، متطلعين أن تستغل حكومتكم الجلسة الـ 48 المرتقبة لمجلس حقوق الإنسان بالأمم المتحدة من أجل:

(1) تشكيل هيئة تحقيق دولية تركز على القضايا الجنائية في اليمن،

(2) ضمان استمرارية عمل فريق الخبراء البارزين المعني باليمن من خلال تفويض مستمر أو متعدد السنوات.

ونرحب بفرصة مقابلة ممثل حكومتكم لمناقشة هذه التوصيات في أقرب وقت ممكن.

في سبتمبر المقبل، يبدأ العام السابع في عمر حرب اليمن المفجعة. وقد عصف هذا الصراع الممتد بالبلاد، وتسبب في معاناة هائلة لشعب اليمن. لقي ما لا يقل عن 233000 شخصًا مصرعهم، بما في ذلك 102000 قتيل كنتيجة مباشرة للأعمال العدائية و131000 لأسباب أخرى منها، على سبيل المثال لا الحصر؛ المجاعة المرتبطة بالنزاع، وتدمير الخدمات الصحية والبنية التحتية. كما تعرض أكثر من 4 ملايين شخصا للتهجير الداخلي.

ساهمت الانتهاكات الجسيمة للقانون الإنساني الدولي لحقوق الإنسان، التي ارتكبتها جميع أطراف النزاع في أسوأ أزمة إنسانية من صنع الإنسان. كما تسببت الهجمات العشوائية وغيرها من الهجمات غير القانونية في مقتل وإصابة مدنيين، ودمرت أو أتلفت منازل المدنيين والمرافق الطبية والبنية التحتية. كما أدت هذه الهجمات والعرقلة المتزامنة للمساعدات الإنسانية إلى تفاقم انتشار الأوبئة، بما في ذلك الكوليرا وكوفيد-19. علاوة على ذلك، تواجه البلاد تهديدًا وشيكًا  بالمجاعة واسعة النطاق، واعتبارًا من يونيو 2021، بلغ عدد اليمنيين الذين يعانون من انعدام الأمن الغذائي إلى 16.2 مليون.

وعليه، فثمة حاجة إلى التحرك العاجل لمعالجة هذه الأزمة وتعزيز المساءلة، من خلال:

1. تشكيل هيئة تحقيق دولية تركز على القضايا الجنائية في اليمن:

في تقريرهم الأخير، بعنوان «جائحة الإفلات من العقاب في أرض معذّبة»، ركز فريق الخبراء الدوليين والإقليميين البارزين بشأن اليمن على «فجوة المساءلة الضخمة» في اليمن، وخلص التقرير إلى أن المجتمع الدولي «يمكنه وينبغي عليه» أن يفّعل المزيد «للمساعدة في سد» هذه الفجوة في اليمن. وأوصى الخبراء بأهمية اتخاذ المجتمع الدولي تدابير عاجلة لدعم المساءلة الجنائية للمسئولين عن الانتهاكات الجسيمة للقانون الإنساني الدولي وحقوق الإنسان. كما أيدوا على وجه الخصوص «تشكيل هيئة تحقيق تركز على الجرائم» (على غرار الآليات المشكلة من أجل سوريا وميانمار) وشددوا على ضرورة «إعمال حقوق الضحايا من خلال تدابير تصحيحية (بما في ذلك دفع التعويضات)».

وبناءً على ذلك، فإننا نطالب حكومتكم بدعم تشكيل آلية تحقيق دولية في اليمن، مزودة بالموارد المادية والبشرية الكافية، من أجل:

(أ) جمع وتوحيد وحفظ وتحليل الأدلة.

(ب) إعداد ملفات القضايا.

(ج) تحديد الضحايا وتوثيق مدى الضرر الذي لحق بهم وأنواعه في ضوء طلبات التعويض في كل قضية يتم التحقيق فيها.

ومن شأن هذه الآلية أن تسهّل وتدفع بالإجراءات الجنائية العادلة والمستقلة، وفقاً لمعايير القانون الدولي، وأن تضع الأساس لإنصاف فعال، بما في ذلك تعويض الضحايا. لقد تم تشكيل آليات مماثلة من قبل الأمم المتحدة بخصوص الأوضاع في ميانمار (في مجلس حقوق الإنسان)، وسوريا (في الجمعية العمومية).  كما يجدر بـ «آلية التحقيق الدولية» دعم فريق الخبراء البارزين والتعاون معه بفعالية من خلال توفير الدعم للمساءلة الجنائية في المحاكم أو الهيئات القضائية التي لديها، أو قد يكون لها في المستقبل، اختصاص قضائي على هذه الجرائم، وفقًا للقانون الدولي. كما ستعزز هذه الآلية من تجنب فقدان الأدلة الحيوية الضرورية لجهود المساءلة المستقبلية، حيث يختلف معيار الإثبات والشروط المتعلقة بسلامة الأدلة المطلوبة للإجراءات الجنائية عن تلك المستخدمة لتوثيق انتهاكات حقوق الإنسان والتجاوزات وانتهاكات القانون الإنساني الدولي. وسيكون من المهم تخصيص الوقت والموارد المادية والبشرية المناسبة لهذه الآلية لضمان قدرتها على الوفاء بولايتها بكفاءة وفعالية.

وفي ظل عدم إحالة مجلس الأمن بالأمم المتحدة للوضع في اليمن إلى المحكمة الجنائية الدولية، فإن آلية التحقيق الدولية من شأنها أيضًا توفير أداة قوية للردع، تستهدف أولئك الذين يرتكبون انتهاكات جسيمة للقانون الدولي. كما يمكن أن تسهم في كسر حلقة الانتهاكات والإفلات من العقاب التي لا تزال تؤجج الصراع والكارثة الإنسانية في اليمن. وفي هذا الصدد، يعتمد مصير ملايين اليمنيين، في جزء كبير منه، على تنفيذ المجتمع الدولي لتدابير فعالة لوضع حد للإفلات من العقاب الذي تتمتع به جميع أطراف النزاع.

2. ضمان استمرارية فريق الخبراء البارزين المعنيين باليمن من خلال ولاية مستمرة أو متعددة السنوات:

لا تنتقص آلية المساءلة المخصصة من الحاجة المستمرة لفريق الخبراء البارزين، ودوره الحيوي في جمع المعلومات، والإعلان عن الأنماط الأخيرة من الانتهاكات والتجاوزات، وتقديم توصيات في الوقت المناسب للمجتمع الدولي فيما يتعلق بالوضع في اليمن. ولكن فريق الخبراء البارزين يواجه تحديات متزايدة بسبب الاضطرابات الناجمة عن جائحة كوفيد-19 وعدم استمرارية موظفيه أو عملياته بسبب الفجوة المتكررة في التمويل المؤسسي للأمم المتحدة. ترجع هذه الفجوة إلى حد كبير إلى تفويض فريق الخبراء البارزين الذي يتجدد سنويًا. إذ يظل موظفو فريق الخبراء البارزين وعملياته لعام في طي النسيان بين تجديد ولاية الفريق من قبل مجلس حقوق الإنسان وتخصيص الجمعية العامة للأمم المتحدة لميزانيته. وقد أدى ذلك بشكل متكرر إلى تأخير يصل إلى 3-4 أشهر يعمل خلالها فريق الخبراء البارزين على «ميزانية هيكلية» أقل بكثير من قدرته الكاملة، كما أدى لارتفاع معدل الاستغناء عن الموظفين. وبعد 7 سنوات، يبدو أن الأزمة اليمنية قد أوشكت على الانحسار، لذا فثمة حاجة لضمان استمرار مساعي وجهود فريق الخبراء، من خلال تفويض مستمر أو متعدد السنوات.

على هذا النحو، فإننا ندعو حكومتكم لدعم تجديد ولاية فريق الخبراء البارزين على أساس تفويض مستمر أو تفويض متعدد السنوات، بما يتماشى مع الآليات الأخرى التي وضعها المجلس على هذا الأساس (على سبيل المثال في ميانمار وفنزويلا وفلسطين).

أخيرًا، في عام 2020، أقر مجلس حقوق الإنسان الحاجة إلى تدابير معززة للدفع بالمساءلة، من خلال مطالبة فريق الخبراء البارزين على وجه التحديد بـ «استكشاف السبل الموصي بها والآليات العملية للمساءلة والإبلاغ عنها، لتأمين الحقيقة والعدالة والإنصاف للضحايا». وعليه، نشجعكم على التأكد من أن قرار هذا العام يمتثل لهذه التوصيات وينفذها، بما في ذلك التوصيات التي قدمها فريق الخبراء البارزين بالفعل لتشكيل آلية تحقيق جنائية في الأمم المتحدة، لضمان التعويضات وسبل الانتصاف الفعالة للضحايا والناجين في اليمن.

ولكم جزيل التقدير والاحترام،

1. Mwatana for Human Rights
2. Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies (CIHRS)
3. Human Rights Watch
4. International Commission of Jurists (ICJ)
5. Amnesty International
6. DefendDefenders (East and Horn of Africa Human Rights Defenders Project)
7. Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights
8. International Service for Human Rights (ISHR)
9. Vredesactie
10. World Organisation Against Torture
11. Yemen Relief and Reconstruction Foundation
12. Global Justice Clinic, NYU School of Law
13. Dhameer Organization for Rights and Liberties
14. Salam For Yemen Foundation
15. Save the Children
16. Global Rights Compliance
17. Ceasefire Centre for Civilian Rights
18. Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect
19. European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR)
20. Truth Justice Memory Center
21. Gulf Centre for Human Rights
22. International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH)
23. Campaign Against Arms Trade
24. Yemen Policy Centre
25. Bridges for Yemen
26. Women National Committee
27. Rfed Rural Development Association
28. Aba’ad Foundation for Social Development and Human Rights
29. Yemeni Women Union
30. Yemeni Landmine Records
31. Human Rights Information and Training Center (HRITC)
32. Alf Ba Civilian and Coexistence Foundation
33. New Future Organization for Development (NFOD)
34. Youth Without Border Organization for Development
35. Electronic Organization for Humanitarian Media
36. Yemeni Archive
37. Watch for Human Rights
38. Peace and Construction Foundation
39. Abductees’ Mothers Association
40. Fouad Foundation for Peace and Development
41. Sam for Peace and Human Rights
42. ‘Abs Organization for Development
43. Musaala for Human Rights
44. Free Media Foundation for Investigative Journalism
45. The ‘Other’ Center for Peace and Development
46. Qarar Foundation for Media and Development
47. Daoo Foundation for Rights and Development
48. ‘We are here’ Foundation for Relief and Development
49. Masar Foundation for Development and Human Rights
50. Taiz Women for Life
51. The Center of Strategic Studies to Support Women and Child
52. The Yemeni Organization for Human Rights and Democratic Freedoms
53. Women Association for Peace in Yemen
54. Association for the Protection of Women Survivors of Houthi Prisons
55. SAM Organization Right and Liberties
56. Alkarama for Human Rights
57. Kidi-B2
58. American Center for Justice
59. Defaa Foundation for Rights and Liberties
60. Yemen Organisation on Women’s Policies
61. The National Organization for Yemeni Journalists (Sada)
62. ‘Together We Raise’ Foundation

3 September 2021

Your Excellency,

We write to you to urge your government to use the upcoming 48^th Session of the United Nations Human Rights Council (HRC) to:

• Establish an international criminally-focused investigation body for Yemen, and simultaneously
• Ensure the continuity of the Group of Eminent Experts on Yemen (GEE) through an ongoing or multi-year mandate.

We would welcome the opportunity to meet a representative of your government to discuss these recommendations at your earliest availability.

This September, the war in Yemen will reach its grim seventh-year milestone. The ongoing conflict has ravaged the country, inflicting immense suffering on the people of Yemen. At least 233,000 people have lost their lives, including 102,000 as a direct result of hostilities and 131,000 from indirect causes, such as conflict-related famine, and destruction of health services and infrastructure, to name a few.Over 4 million people have been internally displaced. Serious violations of international humanitarian law and egregious human rights abuses by all parties to the conflict have contributed to the world’s worst human-made humanitarian crisis. Indiscriminate and other unlawful attacks have killed and injured civilians, destroying or damaging civilian homes, medical facilities and infrastructure. These attacks and the simultaneous obstruction of humanitarian assistance have exacerbated the spread of disease, including the cholera epidemic and Covid-19 pandemic. Moreover, the country is facing the imminent threat of large-scale famine, and as of June 2021, 16.2 million Yemenis are food insecure. 

More is needed to address this crisis and advance accountability, including:

1. Establishing an international criminally-focused investigation body for Yemen

In their last report, “A Pandemic of Impunity in a Tortured Land”, the UN Group of Eminent International and Regional Experts on Yemen (GEE) underscored Yemen’s “acute accountability gap”, concluding that the international community “can and should” do more to “help bridge” this gap in Yemen. They recommended that the international community take measures to support criminal accountability for those responsible for serious violations of international humanitarian law and egregious human rights abuses. In particular, they supported the “establishment of a criminally focused investigation body” (similar to the mechanisms established for Syria and Myanmar) and “stressed the need to realize victims’ rights to an effective remedy (including reparations)”. 

Accordingly, we urge your government to support the establishment of an adequately resourced and sufficiently staffed international investigative mechanism for Yemen that would:

(a) Collect, consolidate, preserve and analyze evidence;

(b) Prepare case files; and

(c) Identify victims and document the extent and types of harm suffered in view of reparations claims in each case investigated.

Such a mechanism would facilitate and expedite fair and independent criminal proceedings, in accordance with international law standards, and lay the groundwork for effective redress, including reparations for victims. Similar mechanisms have been created by the UN for the situations in Myanmar (at the Human Rights Council) and for Syria (at the General Assembly).  

An international investigative mechanism would complement, and actively cooperate with, the GEE by providing support for criminal accountability in courts or tribunals that have or may in the future have jurisdiction over these crimes, in accordance with international law. This would also serve to mitigate the loss of vital evidence for future accountability efforts, as the standard of proof and the conditions regarding the integrity of the evidence required for criminal proceedings are distinct from those used to document human rights violations and abuses and violations of international humanitarian law. It will be important to allocate appropriate time, resources and staffing to such a mechanism to ensure that it may fulfill its mandate efficiently and effectively.

In the absence of a referral by the UN Security Council of the situation in Yemen to the International Criminal Court, an international investigative mechanism would be a powerful deterrent directed at those perpetrating serious violations of international law and could contribute to ending the cycle of violations and impunity that continues to fuel the conflict and humanitarian catastrophe in Yemen.  In this respect, the fate of millions of Yemenis depends in large part on the international community’s implementation of effective measures to put an end to the impunity enjoyed by all parties to the conflict.

2. Ensuring the continuity of the Group of Eminent Experts on Yemen’s operations through an ongoing or multi-year mandate:

A dedicated accountability mechanism does not detract from the ongoing need for the GEE, which continues to play a vital role in gathering information, publicly reporting recent patterns of violations and abuses, and providing timely recommendations to the international community concerning the situation in Yemen. The GEE is facing heightened challenges due to disruptions caused by the Covid-19 pandemic and a lack of continuity in its staff and operations caused by a recurring gap in UN institutional funding. This gap is in large part a result of the GEE’s annually renewed mandate. Each year, the staff and operations of the GEE are held in limbo between the renewal of the GEE’s mandate by the Human Rights Council and the allocation of its budget by the UN General Assembly. This has consistently resulted in prolonged periods of up to 3-4 months during which the GEE operates on a “skeleton budget”, well below its full capacity, and has generated a high rate of staff turnover.  After seven years, the crisis in Yemen shows no sign of abating, and there is an urgent need to ensure continuity of operations through an ongoing or multi-year mandate.

As such, we call on your government to support the renewal of the GEE’s mandate on the basis of an ongoing mandate or a multi-year mandate, in line with other mechanisms established by the Council on this basis (e.g. Myanmar, Venezuela and Palestine).

Finally, in 2020, the HRC recognized the need for strengthened measures to advance accountability, by specifically requesting the GEE to “explore and report on recommended approaches and practical mechanisms of accountability to secure truth, justice and redress for victims.”

We urge you to ensure that this year’s resolution engages with and implements these recommendations, including those the GEE have already made to establish a criminally based investigative mechanism at the UN, and to ensure reparations and effective remedies for victims and survivors in Yemen.

Sincerely,

1. Mwatana for Human Rights
2. Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies (CIHRS)
3. Human Rights Watch
4. International Commission of Jurists (ICJ)
5. Amnesty International
6. DefendDefenders (East and Horn of Africa Human Rights Defenders Project)
7. Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights
8. International Service for Human Rights (ISHR)
9. Vredesactie
10. World Organisation Against Torture
11. Yemen Relief and Reconstruction Foundation
12. Global Justice Clinic, NYU School of Law
13. Dhameer Organization for Rights and Liberties
14. Salam For Yemen Foundation
15. Save the Children
16. Global Rights Compliance
17. Ceasefire Centre for Civilian Rights
18. Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect
19. European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR)
20. Truth Justice Memory Center
21. Gulf Centre for Human Rights
22. International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH)
23. Campaign Against Arms Trade
24. Yemen Policy Centre
25. Bridges for Yemen
26. Women National Committee
27. Rfed Rural Development Association
28. Aba’ad Foundation for Social Development and Human Rights
29. Yemeni Women Union
30. Yemeni Landmine Records
31. Human Rights Information and Training Center (HRITC)
32. Alf Ba Civilian and Coexistence Foundation
33. New Future Organization for Development (NFOD)
34. Youth Without Border Organization for Development
35. Electronic Organization for Humanitarian Media
36. Yemeni Archive
37. Watch for Human Rights
38. Peace and Construction Foundation
39. Abductees’ Mothers Association
40. Fouad Foundation for Peace and Development
41. Sam for Peace and Human Rights
42. ‘Abs Organization for Development
43. Musaala for Human Rights
44. Free Media Foundation for Investigative Journalism
45. The ‘Other’ Center for Peace and Development
46. Qarar Foundation for Media and Development
47. Daoo Foundation for Rights and Development
48. ‘We are here’ Foundation for Relief and Development
49. Masar Foundation for Development and Human Rights
50. Taiz Women for Life
51. The Center of Strategic Studies to Support Women and Child
52. The Yemeni Organization for Human Rights and Democratic Freedoms
53. Women Association for Peace in Yemen
54. Association for the Protection of Women Survivors of Houthi Prisons
55. SAM Organization Right and Liberties
56. Alkarama for Human Rights
57. Kidi-B2
58. American Center for Justice
59. Defaa Foundation for Rights and Liberties
60. Yemen Organisation on Women’s Policies
61. The National Organization for Yemeni Journalists (Sada)
62. ‘Together We Raise’ Foundation